What was a key factor in why the Japanese did not surrender during World War II, according to prevailing attitudes at the time?

The idea of fighting until death was a key factor in why the Japanese did not surrender during World War II. This belief was deeply rooted in the samurai code known as bushido, which emphasized honor, courage, and loyalty to the emperor. The cultural emphasis on perseverance in the face of adversity contributed to the mindset that surrender was an unacceptable option. Instead of conceding defeat, many Japanese soldiers and civilians felt that dying in battle was a more honorable outcome. This attitude was reflected in the fierce resistance displayed during battles such as Iwo Jima and Okinawa, where Japanese forces fought tenaciously even when defeat was imminent.

The other options pertain to different attitudes that may have influenced decision-making but do not capture the profound commitment to honor and sacrifice that characterized the Japanese response during the war. The belief in negotiation was less prominent in this context, and while cultural superiority could have motivated some actions, it was the commitment to fighting until death that truly defined the staunch refusal to surrender. A sense of betrayal by allies, although relevant in certain historical contexts, was not a pressing factor that influenced the widespread refusal to surrender, especially among the military leadership at the time.